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Minna no Nihongo, lesson 20

Lesson 20:

Lesson 20 of Minna no Nihongo, “Talking with friends: the plain style”, teaches 6 grammar patterns, including , , , and 27 words. Here is every word with romaji and English, the grammar explained with examples, and 48 example sentences.

Updated

Grammar

Polite and plain style

Japanese has two styles of speech. The polite style, with です and ます, is for people you don't know well, people above you and most situations at work. The plain style is for friends, family and people younger than you, and it is also how diaries and many books are written. The plain style uses the plain forms: のみます → のむ, ひまです → ひまだ. Don't switch to it with someone above you just because they use it with you.

  • Ashita paatii ni kuru? Are you coming to the party tomorrow?
  • Un, iku. Yeah, I'll be there.
  • Santosu-san wa paatii ni konakatta. Mr. Santos didn't come to the party.

Plain forms of verbs

You already know them all. The plain present is the dictionary form (のむ), the plain negative is the ない-form (のまない) and the plain past is the た-form (のんだ). The plain past negative changes ない to なかった: のまなかった, たべなかった, しなかった, こなかった. あります is irregular: ある, ない, あった, なかった.

  • Kinou Yamada-san ni atta? Did you see Mr. Yamada yesterday?
  • Uun, awanakatta. No, I didn't.
  • Kinou wa osake o nomanakatta. I didn't drink yesterday.

Plain forms of い-adjectives

An い-adjective just drops です: たかいです → たかい, たかくないです → たかくない, たかかったです → たかかった, たかくなかったです → たかくなかった. Never add だ to an い-adjective. いい becomes よ in every form but the present: よくない, よかった, よくなかった.

  • Nihon wa bukka ga takai. Prices are high in Japan.
  • Kinou wa atsukatta ne. It was hot yesterday, wasn't it?
  • Kinou wa amari samukunakatta. It wasn't very cold yesterday.

Plain forms of な-adjectives and nouns

With a な-adjective or a noun, です becomes だ: ひまです → ひまだ, あめです → あめだ. じゃ ありません becomes じゃない, でした becomes だった, and じゃ ありませんでした becomes じゃなかった.

  • Kyou wa boku no tanjoubi da. Today's my birthday.
  • Hokkaidou no umi wa kirei datta. The sea in Hokkaido was beautiful.
  • Uun, shizuka janakatta. No, it wasn't.

Questions and answers in casual speech

A casual question usually drops か and just rises at the end: たべる? After a noun or a な-adjective, だ goes too: いま ひま? Particles like を, が and は are often left out: アイスクリーム たべる? Answer with うん (yes) and ううん (no). A negative question invites: いっしょに いかない? is the casual いっしょに いきませんか.

  • Ima hima? Are you free now?
  • Aisukuriimu taberu? Do you want some ice cream?
  • Yokattara, isshoni ikanai? If you like, why don't we go together?

But, I and you in casual speech

〜けど is the casual が (but): からいけど、おいしい. Men and boys say ぼく for I among friends, and some say きみ for you to a friend or someone younger. こちら, そちら, あちら and どちら become こっち, そっち, あっち and どっち.

  • Un, karai kedo, oishii. Yeah, it's spicy, but it's good.
  • Boku wa sarariiman da. I'm an office worker.
  • Kotchi to sotchi, dotchi ga ii? This one or that one, which do you prefer?

Vocabulary: 27 words

Verbs

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
irimasu need, be neededビザが いります (you need a visa). What is needed takes が. Plain negative: いらない.
shirabemasu check, look up, find outインターネットで しらべます. Plain forms: しらべる, しらべない, しらべた.
shuurishimasu repair, fixじてんしゃを しゅうりします. Plain forms: しゅうりする, しゅうりしない, しゅうりした.
denwashimasu phone, callThe person you call takes に: かぞくに でんわします. Plain past: でんわした.

Casual words

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
boku I (said by men and boys, casual)わたし is for everyone; ぼく is what men and boys say among friends.
kimi you (casual, to a friend or someone younger)Mostly said by men. Don't use it to someone above you; use their name instead.
un yes, yeah (casual)The casual はい.
uun no (casual)The casual いいえ.
kotchi this way, this one (casual こちら)
sotchi that way, that one (casual そちら)
atchi that way over there, that one over there (casual あちら)
dotchi which way, which one (casual どちら)こっちと そっち、どっちが いい? (this one or that one, which do you prefer?)
~kedo …, but … (casual が)After a plain form: からいけど、おいしい (it's spicy, but it's good).

People and things

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
sarariiman office worker, salaryman
kotoba word, language
bukka prices, the cost of livingにほんは ぶっかが たかい (prices are high in Japan).
kimono kimono
biza visa
hajime the beginningはちがつの はじめ (the beginning of August).
owari the endなつやすみの おわり (the end of the summer holidays).
natsuyasumi the summer holidays

Phrases and other words

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
konoaida the other day, recently
minnade all together, everyone togetherみんなで しゃしんを とりましょう.
kuni e kaeru no Are you going back to your country?A casual question. The の at the end asks the other person to tell you about it.
dou suru no What are you going to do?なつやすみは どう するの? (what are you doing for the summer holidays?)
dou shiyou kana What shall I do? I wonder what to do.Said to yourself while you think it over.
yokattara if you likeBefore an invitation: よかったら、いっしょに いかない?

Example sentences

  • Ashita paatii ni kuru? Are you coming to the party tomorrow?
  • Un, iku. Yeah, I'll be there.
  • Santosu-san wa paatii ni konakatta. Mr. Santos didn't come to the party.
  • Aisukuriimu taberu? Do you want some ice cream?
  • Un, taberu. Yeah, I'll have some.
  • Soko ni hasami aru? Are there any scissors there?
  • Uun, nai. No, there aren't.
  • Kinou Yamada-san ni atta? Did you see Mr. Yamada yesterday?
  • Uun, awanakatta. No, I didn't.
  • Sono kareeraisu, oishii? Is that curry good?
  • Un, karai kedo, oishii. Yeah, it's spicy, but it's good.
  • Kyouto wa shizuka datta? Was Kyoto quiet?
  • Uun, shizuka janakatta. No, it wasn't.
  • Ima hima? Are you free now?
  • Un, hima. Nani? Yeah, I'm free. What's up?
  • Chotto tetsudatte. Give me a hand for a moment.
  • Jisho o motte iru? Have you got a dictionary?
  • Uun, motte inai. No, I haven't got one.
  • Nihon wa bukka ga takai. Prices are high in Japan.
  • Hokkaidou no umi wa kirei datta. The sea in Hokkaido was beautiful.
  • Kyou wa boku no tanjoubi da. Today's my birthday.
  • Boku wa sarariiman da. I'm an office worker.
  • Kimi mo iku? Are you going too?
  • Ashita wa ame janai. It won't be rainy tomorrow.
  • Kinou wa atsukatta ne. It was hot yesterday, wasn't it?
  • Kinou wa amari samukunakatta. It wasn't very cold yesterday.
  • Kinou wa osake o nomanakatta. I didn't drink yesterday.
  • Genki datta? How have you been?
  • Un, genki datta yo. Fine, thanks.
  • Biza ga irimasu ka. Do I need a visa?
  • Iie, irimasen. No, you don't.
  • Intaanetto de shirabemasu. I'll look it up online.
  • Jitensha o shuurishimashita. I repaired my bike.
  • Atode denwashimasu. I'll call you later.
  • Kono kotoba wa muzukashii desu. This word is difficult.
  • Kimono wa takai desu ga, kirei desu. Kimonos are expensive, but beautiful.
  • Hachigatsu no hajime ni kuni e kaerimasu. I'm going home at the beginning of August.
  • Eiga no owari ga yoku wakarimasendeshita. I didn't really understand the end of the film.
  • Kotchi to sotchi, dotchi ga ii? This one or that one, which do you prefer?
  • Sotchi ga ii. That one.
  • Toire wa atchi da yo. The toilet's over there.
  • Konoaida, kyouto e itta. I went to Kyoto the other day.
  • Minnade shashin o torimashou. Let's all take a photo together.
  • Natsuyasumi wa dou suru no? What are you doing for the summer holidays?
  • Kuni e kaeritai kedo, mada wakaranai. I'd like to go home, but I don't know yet.
  • Kuni e kaeru no? Are you going back to your country?
  • Yokattara, isshoni ikanai? If you like, why don't we go together?
  • Dou shiyou kana. What shall I do?

Conversations to practise

In the app you play one of the speakers and choose what to say, line by line, with natural Japanese voices.

  • What are you doing for the summer?Your friend Kobayashi asks about your plans for the summer holidays.
  • Are you free tomorrow?Karina, a friend from university, wants to know if you're free.
  • What did you do at the weekend?On Monday at university, your friend Thawaphon asks about your weekend.

Practise lesson 20

Flashcards, spelling with kana tiles, sentence building and conversations. Free, no sign-up needed.

Start lesson 20