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Minna no Nihongo, lesson 17

Lesson 17:

Lesson 17 of Minna no Nihongo, “At the doctor's: please don't, must and don't have to”, teaches 6 grammar patterns, including , , , and 38 words. Here is every word with romaji and English, the grammar explained with examples, and 44 example sentences.

Updated

Grammar

The ない-form

The ない-form is the plain negative, and the patterns of this lesson are built on it. Group I: change the i-sound before ます to an a-sound and add ない: のみます → のまない, まちます → またない, かえります → かえらない. い becomes わ: かいます → かわない. Group II: drop ます and add ない: たべます → たべない, みます → みない. Group III: します → しない, きます → こない.

  • Kusuri o nomanakereba narimasen. I have to take some medicine.
  • Pasupooto o wasurenaide kudasai. Please don't forget your passport.
  • Ashita wa konakute mo ii desu. You don't have to come tomorrow.

Please don't: 〜ないで ください

The ない-form plus で ください asks someone not to do something: ここで しゃしんを とらないで ください. It's also a kind thing to say: しんぱいしないで ください (please don't worry).

  • Koko de shashin o toranaide kudasai. Please don't take photos here.
  • Koko de tabako o suwanaide kudasai. Please don't smoke here.
  • Daijoubu desu kara, shinpaishinaide kudasai. It's all right, so please don't worry.

Must: 〜なければ なりません

To say you have to do something, change the ない of the ない-form to なければ なりません: のまない → のまなければ なりません. It's something you have to do, whether you want to or not.

  • Kusuri o nomanakereba narimasen. I have to take some medicine.
  • Doyoubi madeni hon o kaesanakereba narimasen. I have to give the book back by Saturday.
  • Kyou wa zangyoushinakereba narimasen. I have to work late today.

Don't have to: 〜なくても いいです

To say something isn't necessary, change ない to なくても いいです: こない → こなくても いいです. It's the "no" answer to 〜なければ なりませんか: いいえ、ぬがなくても いいです.

  • Ashita wa konakute mo ii desu. You don't have to come tomorrow.
  • Iie, nuganakute mo ii desu. No, you don't have to.
  • Mada jikan ga arimasu kara, isoganakute mo ii desu. There's still time, so you don't have to hurry.

Making the object the topic: N は

To make the object of a verb the topic, put it first and use は in place of を: にもつを ここに おかないで ください → にもつは ここに おかないで ください (as for your bags, please don't leave them here).

  • Nimotsu wa koko ni okanaide kudasai. Please don't leave your bags here.
  • Uwagi wa koko de nuide kudasai. Please take your coat off here.
  • Hirugohan wa kaisha no shokudou de tabemasu. I have lunch in the company canteen.

By a time: 〜までに

までに gives a deadline: the action happens at some point before that time. まで (lesson 4) is different: it says how long something goes on. ごじまでに かえります (I'll be back by five), ごじまで はたらきます (I work until five).

  • Kaigi wa goji madeni owarimasu. The meeting will be over by five.
  • Goji madeni kaerimasu. I'll be back by five.
  • Mainichi goji made hatarakimasu. I work until five every day.

Vocabulary: 38 words

Verbs

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
oboemasu remember, memoriseかんじを おぼえます (learn kanji by heart). Group II, so the ない-form is おぼえない.
wasuremasu forget, leave (something) behindかさを わすれました (I left my umbrella behind). Group II: わすれない.
nakushimasu loseかぎを なくしました. Group I, so the ない-form is なくさない.
haraimasu payおかねを はらいます. The い before ます becomes わ in the ない-form: はらわない.
kaeshimasu give back, returnほんを かえします. Not かえります (go home). ない-form: かえさない.
dekakemasu go outGroup II: でかけて, でかけない.
nugimasu take off (clothes, shoes)くつを ぬぎます. て-form: ぬいで; ない-form: ぬがない.
motte ikimasu take (something) alongThe て-form of もちます (hold) plus いきます: かさを もって いきます.
motte kimasu bring (something)あした しゃしんを もって きます. The ない-form is もって こない.
shinpaishimasu worryしんぱいしないで ください (please don't worry).
zangyoushimasu work overtime, work late
shutchoushimasu go on a business tripWhere you go takes へ: とうきょうへ しゅっちょうします.
nomimasu drink; take (medicine)The same verb as drinking (lesson 6): くすりを のみます.
hairimasu enter (a room, a university); take (a bath)おふろに はいります (have a bath). The same verb as going into a room (lesson 14).

Adjectives

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
taisetsu important, preciousA な-adjective: たいせつな しゃしん.
daijoubu all right, OKA な-adjective. だいじょうぶですか (are you all right?).
abunai dangerous
itai painful, sore, (it) hurtsWhat hurts takes が: のどが いたいです (I have a sore throat).

At the doctor's

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
dou shimashita ka What's the matter?What a doctor asks first.
byouki illness, ill
kaze cold, fluかぜです (it's a cold).
netsu fever, temperatureねつが あります (I have a temperature).
nodo throatのどが かわきます (I'm thirsty) is from lesson 13.
kusuri medicineくすりを のみます (take medicine).
hokenshou health insurance cardIn full, けんこう ほけんしょう (健康保険証). You show it at the doctor's.
odaijini Take care of yourself (to someone who is ill)

Things

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ofuro bathおふろに はいります (have a bath).
uwagi jacket, coat
shitagi underwear
kinen no smokingOn signs: ここは きんえんです (this is a no-smoking area).

The ない-form

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
~naide kudasai please don't …The ない-form plus で ください: たばこを すわないで ください.
~nakereba narimasen must …, have to …Change ない to なければ なりません: のまない → のまなければ なりません.
~nakutemo ii desu don't have to …, needn't …Change ない to なくても いいです: こない → こなくても いいです.
~madeni by (a time)A deadline: ごじまでに かえります (I'll be back by five). まで (lesson 4) is until.

Other words

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
desukara so, thereforeStarts a sentence: あしたは しけんです。ですから、きょうは べんきょうします.
sorekara and also; after thatAdds one more thing: それから、おふろに はいらないで ください. Also what comes next (lesson 6).
ni sannichi two or three days
ni san two or three (with a counter)に、さんにん (two or three people), に、さんまい (two or three sheets).

Example sentences

  • Koko de shashin o toranaide kudasai. Please don't take photos here.
  • Koko de tabako o suwanaide kudasai. Please don't smoke here.
  • Daijoubu desu kara, shinpaishinaide kudasai. It's all right, so please don't worry.
  • Abunai desu kara, sono botan o osanaide kudasai. It's dangerous, so please don't press that button.
  • Pasupooto o wasurenaide kudasai. Please don't forget your passport.
  • Kono kaado wa taisetsu desu kara, nakusanaide kudasai. This card is important, so please don't lose it.
  • Kusuri o nomanakereba narimasen. I have to take some medicine.
  • Doyoubi madeni hon o kaesanakereba narimasen. I have to give the book back by Saturday.
  • Kyou wa zangyoushinakereba narimasen. I have to work late today.
  • Ashita madeni okane o harawanakereba narimasen. I have to pay by tomorrow.
  • Raishuu pekin e shutchoushinakereba narimasen. I have to go to Beijing on business next week.
  • Byouin e hokenshou o motte ikanakereba narimasen. You have to take your health insurance card to the hospital.
  • Ashita wa konakute mo ii desu. You don't have to come tomorrow.
  • Kutsu o nuganakute mo ii desu. You don't have to take your shoes off.
  • Okane wa harawanakute mo ii desu. You don't have to pay.
  • Mada jikan ga arimasu kara, isoganakute mo ii desu. There's still time, so you don't have to hurry.
  • Kutsu o nuganakereba narimasen ka. Do I have to take my shoes off?
  • Iie, nuganakute mo ii desu. No, you don't have to.
  • Shashin o totte mo ii desu ka. May I take a photo?
  • Sumimasen. Shashin wa toranaide kudasai. Sorry, please don't take photos.
  • Nimotsu wa koko ni okanaide kudasai. Please don't leave your bags here.
  • Uwagi wa koko de nuide kudasai. Please take your coat off here.
  • Hirugohan wa kaisha no shokudou de tabemasu. I have lunch in the company canteen.
  • Kaigi wa goji madeni owarimasu. The meeting will be over by five.
  • Goji madeni kaerimasu. I'll be back by five.
  • Mainichi goji made hatarakimasu. I work until five every day.
  • Dou shimashita ka. What's the matter?
  • Nodo ga itai desu. I have a sore throat.
  • Netsu mo arimasu. I have a temperature too.
  • Atama ga itai desu kara, kyou wa hayaku kaerimasu. I have a headache, so I'm going home early today.
  • Kaze desu ne. It's a cold.
  • Ni, sannichi yukkuri yasunde kudasai. Get plenty of rest for two or three days.
  • Konban wa ofuro ni hairanaide kudasai. Please don't have a bath tonight.
  • Odaijini. Take care of yourself.
  • Haha wa ima byouki desu. My mother is ill at the moment.
  • Daijoubu desu ka. Are you all right?
  • Ee, daijoubu desu. Yes, I'm fine.
  • Nichiyoubi wa kazoku to dekakemasu. On Sunday I'm going out with my family.
  • Mainichi kanji o itsutsu oboemasu. I learn five kanji every day.
  • Ashita wa shiken desu. Desukara, konban wa dekakemasen. I have an exam tomorrow. So I'm not going out tonight.
  • Kore wa taisetsu na shashin desu. This is a precious photo.
  • Koko wa kinen desu. This is a no-smoking area.
  • Kaban ni shitagi to shatsu o iremasu. I put underwear and shirts in my bag.
  • Ashita shashin o motte kite kudasai. Please bring the photos tomorrow.

Conversations to practise

In the app you play one of the speakers and choose what to say, line by line, with natural Japanese voices.

  • What's the matter?You have a sore throat and a temperature, so you go to see a doctor.
  • Do I have to take my shoes off?You visit Mr. Yamada's home for the first time.
  • By tomorrowAt the end of the day, Mr. Matsumoto, your manager, asks about your report.

Practise lesson 17

Flashcards, spelling with kana tiles, sentence building and conversations. Free, no sign-up needed.

Start lesson 17